Nanocarrier vaccine therapeutics for global infectious and chronic diseases

Immunization has the potential to become a viable weapon for the upcoming pandemic and save millions of lives, while also dramatically lowering the high mortality rate brought on by a number of infectious and chronic illnesses. Despite the success of some vaccinations for infectious illnesses, obstacles remain in avoiding and creating fully protective vaccines. Current COVID-19 pandemic highlights need for vaccination platform improvements. Nanomaterials have been created as a possible nanocarrier to elicit a robust immune response against important global morbidity and mortality drivers by encapsulating targeted antigen and functionalizing nanoparticles with particular molecules. In addition to their application in cancer immunotherapy, nanocarriers are currently being included into the development of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria, TB, and influenza. In order to evaluate conventional and next-generation vaccination platforms, this study focuses on the COVID-19 and cancer vaccine as well as the passage and interaction of nanoparticles with immune cells in the lymph node. It also draws attention to the gaps in current and future HIV, TB, malaria, and influenza vaccinations, as well as nanovaccines. The importance of the dose-dependent vaccine in inducing and maintaining neutralizing antibodies after immunization has been discussed in more detail.

The paradigm of prophylactic viral outbreaks measures by microbial biosurfactants.

The recent emergence and outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic confirmed the incompetence of countries across the world to deal with a global public health emergency. Although the recent advent of vaccines is an important prophylactic measure, effective clinical therapy for SARS-Cov-2 is yet to be discovered. With the increasing mortality rate, research has been focused on understanding the pathogenic mechanism and clinical parameters to comprehend COVID-19 infection and propose new avenues for naturally occurring molecules with novel therapeutic properties to alleviate the current situation. In accordance with recent clinical studies and SARS-CoV-2 infection markers, cytokine storm and oxidative stress are entwined pathogenic processes in COVID-19 progression. Lately, Biosurfactants (BSs) have been studied as one of the most advanced biomolecules of microbial origin with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral properties, antiadhesive, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this review inspects available literature and proposes biosurfactants with these properties to be encouraged for their extensive study in dealing with the current pandemic as new pharmaceutics in the prevention and control of viral spread, treating the symptoms developed after the incubation period through different therapeutic approaches and playing a potential drug delivery model.

Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research.

Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.

Emerging trends in the nanomedicine applications of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as novel therapies for acute and chronic diseases.

High-quality point-of-care is critical for timely decision of disease diagnosis and healthcare management. In this regard, biosensors have revolutionized the field of rapid testing and screening, however, are confounded by several technical challenges including material cost, half-life, stability, site-specific targeting, analytes specificity, and detection sensitivity that affect the overall diagnostic potential and therapeutic profile. Despite their advances in point-of-care testing, very few classical biosensors have proven effective and commercially viable in situations of healthcare emergency including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. To overcome these challenges functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as key players in advancing the biomedical and healthcare sector with promising applications during the ongoing healthcare crises. This critical review focus on understanding recent developments in theranostic applications of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Given the profound global economic and health burden, we discuss the therapeutic impact of functionalized MNPs in acute and chronic diseases like small RNA therapeutics, vascular diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer, as well as for COVID-19 testing. Lastly, we culminate with a futuristic perspective on the scope of this field and provide an insight into the emerging opportunities whose impact is anticipated to disrupt the healthcare industry.

Quality of Life in Patients of Head and Neck Cancer During Covid 19.

The Indian Institute of head and neck oncology, a charitable Cancer Centre under the Indore Cancer foundation, continued to offer treatment during the Covid pandemic. 44 head and neck cancer patients who underwent surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy and 43 head and neck cancer patients who underwent only radiotherapy as the primary line of treatment from March 2020 to May 2021, were selected for the purpose of this study. Patients who underwent treatment for head and neck cancer either by radiotherapy or by surgery followed by post-operative radiotherapy were analysed to evaluate quality of life. Feedback was obtained using a QOL questionnaire. The results were analysed against numerical scores. Pain, appearance, speech, swallowing, chewing taste sensation etc. were analysed. Fear and psychological discomfort remained the overriding aspect.

Structure-based drug designing and immunoinformatics approach for SARS-CoV-2.

The prevalence of respiratory illness caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with multiple organ failures is spreading rapidly because of its contagious human-to-human transmission and inadequate globalhealth care systems. Pharmaceutical repurposing, an effective drug development technique using existing drugs, could shorten development time and reduce costs compared to those of de novo drug discovery. We carried out virtual screening of antiviral compounds targeting the spike glycoprotein (S), main protease (Mpro), and the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) complex of SARS-CoV-2. PC786, an antiviral polymerase inhibitor, showed enhanced binding affinity to all the targets. Furthermore, the postfusion conformation of the trimeric S protein RBD with ACE2 revealed conformational changes associated with PC786 drug binding. Exploiting immunoinformatics to identify T cell and B cell epitopes could guide future experimental studies with a higher probability of discovering appropriate vaccine candidates with fewer experiments and higher reliability.

Head and neck surgery during COVID-19.

Thirty-two Head and Neck cancer patients were operated by surgical team of the Indian Institute of Head and Neck Oncology (IIHNO) in a period ranging from May 2020 to the first week of December 2020. Surgical procedures ranged from surgery for tongue cancer, resection of cancers of the oral mucosa/cheek (with or without reconstruction), as well as surgery for paranasal cancers and thyroid cancers, with an average duration of 3 h for the procedures. This article reviews this experience during the peak of covid pandemic regarding the approaches adopted by the team of the IIHNO, a flagship project of the Indore Cancer Foundation, a public charitable trust.

Structure-based drug designing and immunoinformatics approach for SARS-CoV-2

The article offers information about the structure-based drug designing and immunoinformatics approach for SARS-CoV-2. It discusses the prevalence of respiratory illness caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with multiple organ failures is spreading rapidly because of its contagious human-to-human transmission and inadequate global health care systems.